Abraxas was an ancient religious movement prominent during the
first few centuries of the common era that was associated with Gnosticism
and which affected Judaism, Christianity, and contemporaneous paganism. Its central teaching was that this world is the creation of an
evil deity who traps human spirits in the physical realm; our true
home is the absolute spirit (the pleroma), to which we should seek to
return by rejecting the pleasures of the flesh.
Two distinct types of entities, aeons and archons, are associated
with Gnosticism. The aeons are higher spiritual beings who reside in
the pleroma. The archons are created by the evil demiurge (a subordinate
deity and creator of the material world); they are the rulers who
govern this world and act as guardians, preventing the sparks of light
(i.e., the divine essence of individual human beings) from returning to
the pleroma.
Abraxas appears to have originally referred to the Great
Unknown, out of which the aeons and the pleroma itself emerged. In
later Cabalistic thought, however, Abraxas became the designation of
the chief aeon. Some ancient writers portrayed Abraxas as a demon or
archon who ruled other archons. Abraxas was also associated with
magic and is said to be the source of the familiar term abracadabra.
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